Phellinus linteus Sang Hwang
MEDICINAL MUSHROOM
In memories of all immobile dogs that were not given a second chance
Phellinus linteus Sang Hwang
Phellinus linteus (Japanese “meshimakobu”, Chinese “song gen”, Korean “sanghwang”, English “Meshima”, American English “black hoof mushroom”) is a medicinal mushroom used in Japan, Korea and China for centuries to prevent ailments as diverse as gastroenteric dysfunction, diarrhea, haemorrhage and cancers.It is shaped like a hoof, has a bitter taste, and in the wild grows on mulberry trees. The stem’s color ranges from dark brown to black. In Korean traditional medicine, the mushroom is consumed in the form of hot tea.
Early research has suggested that Phellinus linteus has anti-breast cancer activity.
A paper published by Harvard Medical School reported that Phellinus linteus is a promising anti-cancer agent, but that more research is required to understand the mechanisms behind its anti-cancer activity.
Nine compounds were isolated from the active ethylacetate fraction of the fruiting body and identified as protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, hispidin, davallialactone, hypholomine B, interfungins A and inoscavin A of which interfungins A is a potent inhibitor of protein glycation.
Extracts from fruit-bodies or mycelium of Phellinus linteus stimulate the hormonal and cell-mediated immune function; quench the inflammatory reactions caused by a variety of stimuli, and suppress tumor growth and metastasis.
Phellinus linteus Sang Hwang
An alternative cancer therapy
Alternative cancer treatment with nutritional/dietary supplements containing a wide variety of herbal products is on the rise in Western countries. Recent epidemiological studies have suggested that mushrooms may prevent against different types of cancers. Phellinus linteus is a well-known Oriental medicinal fungus with a variety of biological activities, including immunomodulatory or direct antitumor activities. The activity of P. linteus and its extracts is associated with the presence of polysaccharides, their peptide/protein complexes and other low molecular weight complexes.
Polysaccharide fractions isolated from P. linteus were found to be related to the increased activity of immune cells such as the production of cytokines by macrophages and B-cells or the increased cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells. Moreover, P. linteus was found to modulate the expression or activity of various genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasive behavior and chemoprevention. Finally, P. linteus extracts demonstrated tumor regression in three independent case reports, suggesting that an extract from P. linteus or a dietary supplement based on the extract from P. linteus may have potential use for the alternative treatment of cancer.
1. Introduction
The popularity of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is steadily increasing among cancer patients, and CAM represents one of the fastest growing treatment modalities in the US. The most commonly used CAM includes acupuncture, mind-body approaches and dietary supplements. Specifically, among cancer patients, the use of CAM ranges between 30 and 75% worldwide and includes dietary approaches, herbal and other biologically based treatments . For example, herbal therapies are used by more than 12% of the US population each year, resulting in annual out-of-pocket expenses above $5 billion. In spite of the popularity of alternative cancer treatments with nutritional/dietary supplements among patients, sometimes based on the anecdotic evidence, CAM therapies are in many cases labeled as ‘pseudoscience’. Therefore, rigorous scientific testing and safety evaluation of dietary supplements must be performed, after which clinicians can recommend the use of a particular dietary supplement.
Some of the popular, widely used dietary supplements are based on dried mushrooms or mushroom extracts. Notably, three recent epidemiological studies from Asia demonstrated an inverse correlation between mushroom intake and gastric, gastrointestinal and breast cancer, respectively. The anticancer activities of mushrooms were usually associated with the stimulation of the immune system by polysaccharides, predominantly β-glucans. On the other hand, mushrooms contain minerals, vitamins (e.g., thiamin, riboflavin, ascorbic acid and vitamin D), amino acids and other organic compounds.
2. Phellinus linteus
Medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus (Berk. et Curt.) Aoshima (‘meshimakobu’ in Japanese) has been used in traditional Oriental medicine in Japan, China and Korea. The orange/yellow-colored mushroom P. linteus (PL) is a perennial fungus, which is selectively parasitic on the mulberry tree (Morus) and belongs to Hymenochaetaceae basidiomycetes which consists of 220 known species of Phellinus mainly growing in tropical areas. More than 40 years ago, an original study in Japan demonstrated that PL has the strongest antitumor effects compared to other mushrooms. As previously reported, PL also demonstrates immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-angiogenic and anti-oxidant effects. These biological effects were found to be associated with isolated polysaccharides, proteoglycans and other organic compounds such as hispolon, caffeic acid, davallialactone, interfungins A and inoscavin A . Therefore, isolated compounds or complex extracts from PL demonstrate specific inhibition of signaling pathways in a variety of cancer cells.
3. The anticancer activity of isolated compounds
Polysaccharides isolated from P. linteus (PLP) significantly prolonged the survival of mice with implanted B16F10 melanoma cells. Moreover, PLP inhibited tumor growth and reduced the frequency of pulmonary metastasis. Notably, PLP was not directly toxic to cancer cells and its mechanism has been suggested to be through the stimulation of the immune response. Therefore, PLP has been recommended to patients as a natural immunotherapeutic agent without toxicity. The immunomodulatory effects of acid polysaccharide isolated from P. linteus (APPL) have been correlated with the increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumoricidal activity in murine peritoneal macrophages. In addition, genistein and staurosporine blocked NO production and tumoricidal activity in response to APPL in macrophages, suggesting that APPL activates protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and/or protein kinase C (PKC) signaling in macrophages. In another study, APPL markedly suppressed the metastasis of melanoma cells in mice through the direct inhibition of cell adhesion and invasion. Nevertheless, APPL did not affect cell growth, suggesting that the antimetastatic properties of APPL are mediated through immunomodulation and by the direct inhibition of cell adhesion .
Although an oral application of the protein-glucan complex (PGC) isolated from P. linteus mycelia, consisting of 39.3% polysaccharides and 49.4% protein, suppressed the growth of S-180 sarcomas in mice, the mechanism of PGC activity was not determined . The polysaccharide-protein complex (PPC) extracted from P. linteus demonstrated immunomodulatory effects through the stimulation of the proliferation of B-cells in murine splenocytes and the induction of production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, PPC up-regulated the macrophage-mediated tumoricidal activity by the secretion of NO and enhanced the natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. On the other hand, protein-bound polysaccharide (PBP) isolated from P. linteus demonstrated a direct effect on cancer cells . Thus, PBP suppressed the proliferation and colony formation of SW480 human colon cancer cells. The inhibition of cell growth by PBP was mediated by the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and was associated with the down-regulation of expression of cell cycle regulatory protein cyclin B1. Moreover, PBP induced the apoptosis of colon cancer cells, and this effect was associated with a decrease in Bcl-2 and an increase in the release of cytochrome c.
In addition to the anticancer activities of polysaccharides and their complexes, isolated low molecular weight compounds have exhibited specific effects on a variety of cancer cells. Hispolon isolated from P. linteus demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of human epidermoid KB cell proliferation. Furthermore, hispolon-induced apoptosis of KB cells was associated with the characteristic DNA laddering and with an increased amount of cells arrested in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. These apoptotic events were accompanied by the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase-3, suggesting that hispolon specifically induced the cell death of epidermoid cells through a mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. As recently demonstrated, hispolon inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of breast and bladder cancer cells, independently of the tumor suppressor p53 status in these cells. The inhibition of cell growth was mediated by cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase through the up-regulation of expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, whereas apoptosis was linked to the ERK1/2-dependent induction of caspase-7 and PARP in breast and bladder cancer cells. Notably, hispolon down-regulated the expression of the MDM2 proto-oncogene through ERK1/2-mediated MDM2 ubiquitination suggesting the use of hispolon for cancer treatment. Recently, isolated phellifuropyranone A and meshimakobnol A and B demonstrated antiproliferative activity against mouse melanoma and human lung cancer cells in vitro, respectively, although the molecular mechanism responsible for their activity was not addressed.